Authorities Rights
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Authorities
Duties
Common Law Statutes At large and by Lantern light fixations andof markings these in time and by day.
Presidents
Kingdoms
tayports
SHARES CORPORATION PRIVATE AND PUBLIC
SHARES DIS-CORPORATION.
QUARTER MASTERS ON SHARES
Duties | Charities
THE VATICAN
AMERICA 300 YEARS AGO
ESTABLISHES GROUND STANDINGS
Needham Monarchy
Specimen of Military Representatives and Trades Emperor and Majesty Warriors, Generals, Captains.
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If the principles here advocated are correct, the purchasing power of money or its reciprocal, the level of prices-depends exclusively on five definite factors:
(1) the volume of money in circulation;
(2) its velocity of circulation;
(3) the volume of bank deposits subject to check;
(4) its velocity; and
(5) the volume of trade. Each of these five magnitudes is extremely definite, and their relation to the purchasing power of money is definitely expressed by an “equation of exchange.” In my opinion, the branch of economics which treats of these five regulators of purchasing power ought to be recognized and ultimately will be recognized as an exact science, capable of precise formulation, demonstration, and statistical verification.
Fortresses of the People.
PARIS Treaty fifth article AND FROTHS Fortresses of the People.
But let us turn to France and inquire whether she has
done any of the things mentioned. I will speak of Louis[*]
(and not of Charles[+]) as the one whose conduct is the
better to be observed, he having held possession of Italy
for the longest period; and you will see that he has done
the opposite to those things which ought to be done to
retain a state composed of divers elements.
[*] Louis XII, King of France, ‘The Father of the
People,’ born 1462, died 1515.
[+] Charles VIII, King of France, born 1470, died
1498.
King Louis was brought into Italy by the ambition of
the Venetians, who desired to obtain half the state of
Lombardy by his intervention. I will not blame the course
taken by the king, because, wishing to get a foothold in
Italy, and having no friends there—seeing rather that every
door was shut to him owing to the conduct of Charles—
he was forced to accept those friendships which he couldThe Prince
35 of 239
get, and he would have succeeded very quickly in his
design if in other matters he had not made some mistakes.
The king, however, having acquired Lombardy, regained
at once the authority which Charles had lost: Genoa
yielded;
United States
Italy
Earned Income from Duties.
The Prince
31 of 239
acquisition turns into a loss, and many more are
exasperated, because the whole state is injured; through
the shifting of the garrison up and down all become
acquainted with hardship, and all become hostile, and they
are enemies who, whilst beaten on their own ground, are
yet able to do hurt. For every reason, therefore, such
guards are as useless as a colony is useful.
Again, the prince who holds a country differing in the
above respects ought to make himself the head and
defender of his less powerful neighbours, and to weaken
the more powerful amongst them, taking care that no
foreigner as powerful as himself shall, by any accident, get
a footing there; for it will always happen that such a one
will be introduced by those who are discontented, either
through excess of ambition or through fear, as one has
seen already. The Romans were brought into Greece by
the Aetolians; and in every other country where they
obtained a footing they were brought in by the
inhabitants. And the usual course of affairs is that, as soon
as a powerful foreigner enters a country, all the subject
states are drawn to him, moved by the hatred which they
feel against the ruling power. So that in respect to those
subject states he has not to take any trouble to gain them
over to himself, for the whole of them quickly rally to theThe Prince
32 of 239
state which he has acquired there. He has only to take care
that they do not get hold of too much power and too
much authority, and then with his own forces, and with
their goodwill, he can easily keep down the more
powerful of them, so as to remain entirely master in the
country. And he who does not properly manage this
business will soon lose what he has acquired, and whilst he
does hold it he will have endless difficulties and troubles.
The Romans, in the countries which they annexed,
observed closely these measures; they sent colonies and
maintained friendly relations with[*] the minor powers,
without increasing their strength; they kept down the
greater, and did not allow any strong foreign powers to
gain authority. Greece appears to me sufficient for an
example. The Achaeans and Aetolians were kept friendly
by them, the kingdom of Macedonia was humbled,
Antiochus was driven out; yet the merits of the Achaeans
and Aetolians never secured for them permission to
increase their power, nor did the persuasions of Philip ever
induce the Romans to be his friends without first
humbling him, nor did the influence of Antiochus make
them agree that he should retain any lordship over the
country. Because the Romans did in these instances what
all prudent princes ought to do, who have to regard notThe Prince
33 of 239
only present troubles, but also future ones, for which they
must prepare with every energy, because, when foreseen,
it is easy to remedy them; but if you wait until they
approach, the medicine is no longer in time because the
malady has become incurable; for it happens in this, as the
physicians say it happens in hectic fever, that in the
beginning of the malady it is easy to cure but difficult to
detect, but in the course of time, not having been either
detected or treated in the beginning, it becomes easy to
detect but difficult to cure. This it happens in affairs of
state, for when the evils that arise have been foreseen
(which it is only given to a wise man to see), they can be
quickly redressed, but when, through not having been
foreseen, they have been permitted to grow in a way that
every one can see them, there is no longer a remedy.
Therefore, the Romans, foreseeing troubles, dealt with
them at once, and, even to avoid a war, would not let
them come to a head, for they knew that war is not to be
avoided, but is only to be put off to the advantage of
others; moreover they wished to fight with Philip and
Antiochus in Greece so as not to have to do it in Italy;
they could have avoided both, but this they did not wish;
nor did that ever please them which is for ever in the
mouths of the wise ones of our time:—Let us enjoy theThe Prince
34 of 239
benefits of the time—but rather the benefits of their own
valour and prudence, for time drives everything before it,
and is able to bring with it good as well as evil, and evil as
well as good.
[*] See remark in the introduction on the word
‘intrattenere.’
But let us turn to France and inquire whether she has
done any of the things mentioned. I will speak of Louis[*]
(and not of Charles[+]) as the one whose conduct is the
better to be observed, he having held possession of Italy
for the longest period; and you will see that he has done
the opposite to those things which ought to be done to
retain a state composed of divers elements.
[*] Louis XII, King of France, ‘The Father of the
People,’ born 1462, died 1515.
[+] Charles VIII, King of France, born 1470, died
1498.
King Louis was brought into Italy by the ambition of
the Venetians, who desired to obtain half the state of
Lombardy by his intervention. I will not blame the course
taken by the king, because, wishing to get a foothold in
Italy, and having no friends there—seeing rather that every
door was shut to him owing to the conduct of Charles—
he was forced to accept those friendships which he couldThe Prince
35 of 239
get, and he would have succeeded very quickly in his
design if in other matters he had not made some mistakes.
The king, however, having acquired Lombardy, regained
at once the authority which Charles had lost: Genoa
yielded; the Florentines became his friends; the Marquess
of Mantua, the Duke of Ferrara, the Bentivogli, my lady
of Forli, the Lords of Faenza, of Pesaro, of Rimini, of
Camerino, of Piombino, the Lucchese, the Pisans, the
Sienese—everybody made advances to him to become his
friend. Then could the Venetians realize the rashness of
the course taken by them, which, in order that they might
secure two towns in Lombardy, had made the king master
of two-thirds of Italy.
Let any one now consider with that little difficulty the
king could have maintained his position in Italy had he
observed the rules above laid down, and kept all his friends
secure and protected; for although they were numerous
they were both weak and timid, some afraid of the
Church, some of the Venetians, and thus they would
always have been forced to stand in with him, and by their
means he could easily have made himself secure against
those who remained powerful. But he was no sooner in
Milan than he did the contrary by assisting Pope
Alexander to occupy the Romagna. It never occurred toThe Prince
36 of 239
him that by this action he was weakening himself,
depriving himself of friends and of those who had thrown
themselves into his lap, whilst he aggrandized the Church
by adding much temporal power to the spiritual, thus
giving it greater authority. And having committed this
prime error, he was obliged to follow it up, so much so
that, to put an end to the ambition of Alexander, and to
prevent his becoming the master of Tuscany, he was
himself forced to come into Italy.
And as if it were not enough to have aggrandized the
Church, and deprived himself of friends, he, wishing to
have the kingdom of Naples, divides it with the King of
Spain, and where he was the prime arbiter in Italy he takes
an associate, so that the ambitious of that country and the
malcontents of his own should have somewhere to shelter;
and whereas he could have left in the kingdom his own
pensioner as king, he drove him out, to put one there
who was able to drive him, Louis, out in turn.
The wish to acquire is in truth very natural and
common, and men always do so when they can, and for
this they will be praised not blamed; but when they
cannot do so, yet wish to do so by any means, then there
is folly and blame. Therefore, if France could have
attacked Naples with her own forces she ought to haveThe Prince
37 of 239
done so; if she could not, then she ought not to have
divided it. And if the partition which she made with the
Venetians in Lombardy was justified by the excuse that by
it she got a foothold in Italy, this other partition merited
blame, for it had not the excuse of that necessity.
Therefore Louis made these five errors: he destroyed
the minor powers, he increased the strength of one of the
greater powers in Italy, he brought in a foreign power, he
did not settle in the country, he did not send colonies.
Which errors, had he lived, were not enough to injure
him had he not made a sixth by taking away their
dominions from the Venetians; because, had he not
aggrandized the Church, nor brought Spain into Italy, it
would have been very reasonable and necessary to humble
them; but having first taken these steps, he ought never to
have consented to their ruin, for they, being powerful,
would always have kept off others from designs on
Lombardy, to which the Venetians would never have
consented except to become masters themselves there; also
because the others would not wish to take Lombardy from
France in order to give it to the Venetians, and to run
counter to both they would not have had the courage.
And if any one should say: ‘King Louis yielded the
Romagna to Alexander and the kingdom to Spain toThe Prince
38 of 239
avoid war, I answer for the reasons given above that a
blunder ought never to be perpetrated to avoid war,
because it is not to be avoided, but is only deferred to
your disadvantage. And if another should allege the pledge
which the king had given to the Pope that he would assist
him in the enterprise, in exchange for the dissolution of
his marriage[*] and for the cap to Rouen,[+] to that I
reply what I shall write later on concerning the faith of
princes, and how it ought to be kept.
[*] Louis XII divorced his wife, Jeanne, daughter of
Louis XI, and married in 1499 Anne of Brittany, widow
of Charles VIII, in order to retain the Duchy of Brittany
for the crown.
[+] The Archbishop of Rouen. He was Georges
d’Amboise, created a cardinal by Alexander VI. Born
1460, died 1510.
Thus King Louis lost Lombardy by not having followed
any of the conditions observed by those who have taken
possession of countries and wished to retain them. Nor is
there any miracle in this, but much that is reasonable and
quite natural. And on these matters I spoke at Nantes with
Rouen, when Valentino, as Cesare Borgia, the son of
Pope Alexander, was usually called, occupied the
Romagna, and on Cardinal Rouen observing to me thatThe Prince
39 of 239
the Italians did not understand war, I replied to him that
the French did not understand statecraft, meaning that
otherwise they would not have allowed the Church to
reach such greatness. And in fact is has been seen that the
greatness of the Church and of Spain in Italy has been
caused by France, and her ruin may be attributed to them.
From this a general rule is drawn which never or rarely
fails: that he who is the cause of another becoming
powerful is ruined; because that predominancy has been
brought about either by astuteness or else by force, and
both are distrusted by him who has been raised to power.
Italy and America has 600 years of Proof and as third Banking for The Country bank of Needham.
Russia and Japan resemble ancient and these of Proof.
Overhead covariance out reach.
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Italy
Currencies
Fortify the Trades In/Out from Governments
Entire existence
Including but not limited too
leverage of trades
in and out,
lien used with products and source.
State
Capital
Duties Income
State
Capital
Authorities Income.
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Business of Life and birth.
STATE SERVICES
their goodwill, he can easily keep down the more
powerful of them, so as to remain entirely master in the
country.
And he who does not properly manage this
business will soon lose what he has acquired, and whilst he
does hold it he will have endless difficulties and troubles.
The Romans, in the countries which they annexed,
[Needham]
observed closely these measures; they sent colonies and
maintained friendly relations with[*] the minor powers,
without increasing their strength; they kept down the
greater, and did not allow any strong foreign powers to
gain authority.
This here the entire book its design is that resembles Antarctica, Albert Eisenstein andor England and this with ROME,.